Unrest in Tanzania: Examining Governance and Institutional Dynamics

Introduction: Understanding the Unrest

Recent events in Tanzania have sparked significant regional and international attention, focusing on the aftermath of the October 2025 general elections. The re-election of President Samia Suluhu Hassan, with a reported 97.66% of the vote, led to widespread protests and a tragic escalation into violence. This article seeks to explore the institutional and governance dynamics that have contributed to the situation, rather than focusing solely on individual actions.

Background and Timeline

The general elections held on 25 October 2025 saw President Hassan secure a landslide victory, raising eyebrows both domestically and abroad due to the overwhelming margin. By 29 October, dissatisfaction brewed into large-scale demonstrations. Protesters, expressing doubts about electoral transparency and fairness, filled the streets of major Tanzanian cities. The protests, initially peaceful, turned deadly as clashes with security forces resulted in significant casualties. Reports indicate that hundreds lost their lives as law enforcement utilized live ammunition to disperse crowds.

Stakeholder Positions

Various stakeholders have taken distinct positions regarding the recent unrest. Government officials maintain that the elections were free and fair, asserting that the response to protesters was necessary to maintain order. Meanwhile, opposition groups and international observers have raised concerns about electoral integrity and the proportionality of the government's response. The International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) has highlighted issues surrounding media freedom during this period, pointing to restrictions placed on journalists covering the protests.

Regional Context

The unrest in Tanzania can be viewed within the broader context of political climates across Africa, where electoral disputes and governance challenges remain prevalent. Countries in the region continue to grapple with balancing state authority and civil liberties, often under intense scrutiny from both domestic populations and international bodies. The Tanzanian situation underscores the intricate dynamics between governance, electoral processes, and public trust.

What Is Established

• President Samia Suluhu Hassan was re-elected with 97.66% of the vote.
• Protests erupted on 29 October 2025, following the election results.
• Security forces used live ammunition during the protests, resulting in numerous deaths.
• Electoral integrity and media freedom remain contentious issues.

What Remains Contested

• The fairness and transparency of the election process continue to be debated.
• The proportionality of the security forces' response to the protests is under scrutiny.
• The number of casualties and the narrative surrounding the unrest are contested.

Institutional and Governance Dynamics

The events in Tanzania showcase the complexities of governance within democratic systems in Africa. Institutional constraints, such as electoral frameworks and security apparatuses, play a significant role in shaping outcomes. These dynamics highlight the challenges faced by governments in maintaining legitimacy and public trust while adhering to democratic principles. As reforms are considered, balancing security needs with civil rights will be critical in ensuring stability and progress.

Forward-Looking Analysis

Looking ahead, it is crucial for Tanzanian authorities to engage in dialogue with dissenting voices to rebuild trust and ensure future electoral processes are perceived as credible. Regional actors and international bodies, including the IFJ, may play a role in facilitating these discussions, emphasizing media freedom and transparency as foundational components of democratic governance. The situation in Tanzania serves as an opportunity for broader reflection on electoral reforms and governance strategies across the continent.